Cacao voor goede cognitieve functies*
Uit een kleine studie onder 90 oudere deelnemers blijkt dat polyfenolen in cacao kunnen zorgen voor betere cognitieve functies. In de studie, weliswaar gesponsord door Mars kregen de deelnemers 8 weken lang dagelijks een cacaodrank met drie verschillende hoeveelheden polyfenolen. De ene groep kreeg dagelijks 900 mg polyfenolen in de drank, de andere groep 540 mg en de laatste groep 45 mg. In de laatste groep bleken geen cognitieve verbeteringen op te treden doch in de andere groepen wel. De meeste verbeteringen gebeurden in de groep met de meeste polyfenolen in de drank.
Cocoa Can Boost Cognitive Function
A new study hints that regular consumption of cocoa flavanol might improve cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), perhaps by improving glucose-insulin metabolism.
"Given the global rise in cognitive disorders due to the 'graying' of populations in Western countries, our findings provide encouraging evidence that consuming cocoa flavanols could represent a fascinating new tool for preserving/improving cognitive function during senescence," first author Giovambattista Desideri, MD, director of the Geriatric Division, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila in Italy, told Medscape Medical News.
The study was published online in Hypertension. It was funded by Mars Inc, a maker of chocolate products; the company also provided the standardized cocoa drinks used in the trial.
Findings "Intriguing"
"There is great interest in identifying nutritional factors that could potentially delay or prevent conversion of MCI to dementia," Mary Ann Johnson, PhD, national spokesperson for the American Society of Nutrition (ASN), who was not involved in the study, told Medscape Medical News.
What makes this study novel, she said, is that it is a randomized controlled trial in people with MCI, it employed well-known cognitive tests, and it used 3 levels of cocoa flavanols: low, medium, and high.
"Both the medium and high levels conferred some benefits to cognition, insulin resistance, and blood pressure. Poor cognition, poor insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and other cardiovascular risk factors have all been linked to dementia," Dr. Johnson said.
"These are intriguing findings that should be followed up with additional research studies to confirm these findings for cocoa," added Dr. Johnson, who is from the Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences at the University of Georgia in Athens.
More Is Better?
Based on prior studies, intake of flavonoids may be associated with a decreased risk for incident dementia, a lower prevalence of cognitive impairment, and better cognitive evolution over 10 years in aging adults, the authors note.
To investigate further, Dr. Desideri and colleagues recruited 90 elderly individuals with MCI into the Cocoa, Cognition and Aging (CoCoA) Study. They were randomly assigned to consume once daily for 8 weeks a drink containing 1 of 3 levels of cocoa flavanols: 990 mg, the high flavanol (HF) group; 520 mg, the intermediate flavanol (IF) group; or 45 mg, the low flavanol (LF) group.
Overall compliance was good — 99.6% at week 4 and 99.4% at week 8, with no between-group differences.
The team assessed cognitive function using the Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Trail Making Test A (TMT A) and B (TMT B), and a verbal fluency test. Baseline performances on these 3 tests were similar.
During the study period, the researchers did not see any significant changes in MMSE scores in relation to group assignment.
However, the time needed to complete the TMT A did change significantly during the study period (P < .0001), with significant reductions observed in participants in the HF group (-14.3 seconds; P < .0001) and IF group (-8.8 seconds; P < .0001) but not in those in the LF group (+1.1 seconds; P = .65).
The results were similar for the TMT B test, with significant reductions in the time needed to complete the test seen in the HF and IF groups (-29.2 and -22.8 seconds, respectively; for both, P < .0001) but not in the LF group (+3.8 seconds; P = .21).
As a result, TMT A and B scores at the end of follow-up were significantly (P < .05) better in the HF and IF groups than in the LF group, the authors note.
Additionally, they say verbal fluency test scores significantly improved (P < .0001) during the study, with improvements seen in the HF group (+8.0 words per 60 seconds; P < .0001) and IF group (+5.1 words per 60 seconds; P < .0001) and, to a lesser extent, in the LF group (+1.2 words per 60 seconds; P < .014).
The improvement of verbal fluency test score was significantly greater in HF participants than in those assigned to the LF group (P < .05).
Baseline blood pressure and metabolic parameters were similar in the 3 groups, but with treatment, HF and IF groups experienced a decrease in insulin resistance, blood pressure, and lipid peroxidation.
Insulin Resistance
Dr. Desideri and colleagues report that changes in homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were the main determinants of change in cognitive function, accounting for roughly 40% of composite z score variability throughout the study period (P < .0001).
Changes in systolic blood pressure levels and plasma isoprostane concentrations accounted for only 2% and 7% of cognitive improvement, respectively, throughout the study period.
"Our data suggest that regular cocoa flavanol consumption, in the context of a calorie-controlled and nutritionally balanced diet, might represent an effective strategy in preserving brain and cardiovascular health and function," Dr. Desideri concluded. "Obviously, larger studies are needed to validate our findings."
The researchers caution that the intervention lasted only 2 months; therefore, the extent of the cognitive benefits and their duration, as well as their impact on a clinical course of MCI, remain to be established.
It is also unclear whether the observed benefits in neurocognition are a direct consequence of cocoa flavanols themselves or a secondary effect related to general improvements in cardiovascular function or health.
Finally, the study team points out that the participants in the study were generally in good health and were free of cardiovascular disease and therefore may not be completely representative of all individuals with MCI.
The study was supported by a grant from Mars Inc, which also supplied the standardized powdered cocoa drinks used in the study. One author is an employee of Mars Inc. A complete list of author disclosures is given in the original
article.
Hypertension.
Abstract
van de studie. (November 2012)
Reacties:
900 mg polyfenolen komt overeen met ca. 100 gram pure chocolade, zoals doorgaans verkocht wordt of ca. 30 gram natuurlijke, pure chocolade.